CBD and THC are both cannabinoids present in cannabis, but they are entirely different molecules. Unraveling their unique characteristics, we discover how these distinctions were vital for the federal legalization of hemp in the United States. Furthermore, by exploring their individual interactions with the human body, these two compounds may synergize to support wellness goals. Let’s take a closer look at the difference between CBD and THC.
CBD vs. THC: A Molecular Story
CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) are both cannabinoids present in cannabis plants, but their molecular structures and effects on the human body set them apart. Now, they are chemically similar, with both molecules containing 21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms. However, the arrangement of these atoms within the molecules leads to their distinct properties and interactions with the body's endocannabinoid system.
The human body contains a complex cell-signaling system known as the endocannabinoid system, which plays a crucial role in influencing mood, muscle and joint health, sleep, and appetite, among other functions.
Cannabinoids like CBD and THC interact with this system by binding to receptors, primarily CB1 and CB2 receptors. The way these cannabinoids bind to the receptors is where the answer to the question, “How does CBD differ from THC” becomes clearer.
How Is CBD Different from THC?
THC has a strong affinity for CB1 receptors, which are predominantly found in the brain and central nervous system. When THC binds to CB1 receptors, it produces psychoactive effects, and enough of it will lead to the characteristic "high" associated with marijuana consumption. This interaction also influences various cognitive and physiological processes, such as memory, coordination, and perception of time.
On the other hand, CBD has a low affinity for CB1 receptors and instead interacts more with CB2 receptors, which are mainly found in the peripheral nervous system and immune cells. This interaction results in non-psychoactive effects, meaning that CBD doesn’t typically produce a "high."
Additionally, CBD may be able to counteract the intensity of THC’s intensity, which could help with temporary stress. CBD performs this task by indirectly inhibiting THC's access to CB1 receptors. The unique interaction of CBD with the endocannabinoid system has been linked to potential wellness benefits.
Marijuana vs Hemp vs CBD vs THC Plant: Is There A Difference?
The terms "CBD plant" and "THC plant" are not scientifically accurate, as both CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) can be found in varying concentrations within the cannabis plant. However, they are often used colloquially to differentiate between hemp and marijuana plants, which have different levels of THC and CBD.
Hemp, sometimes referred to as a "CBD plant," is a variety of Cannabis sativa that has been cultivated for its industrial uses, such as fiber, seeds, and oils. Hemp typically contains high levels of CBD and only trace amounts of THC, usually below 0.3% by dry weight. Due to its low THC content, hemp does not produce the psychoactive effects associated with marijuana consumption and is compliant with the United States under the 2018 Farm Bill.
On the other hand, marijuana, which can be considered a "THC plant," is another variety of Cannabis sativa. Marijuana plants contain higher levels of THC, ranging from 5% to over 30%, depending on the strain. The elevated THC content in marijuana plants is responsible for the psychoactive effects or "high" experienced when consumed.
Marijuana also contains varying levels of CBD, but the presence of THC sets it apart from hemp plants. The cultivation, possession, and distribution of marijuana remain federally illegal in the United States, although many states have legalized its use for wellness and recreational purposes, like in the form of premium gummy candies or creams.
How Does CBD Feel Compared to THC?
THC is known for its psychoactive properties, which produce the characteristic "high" associated with marijuana use. When consumed, THC binds to CB1 receptors in the brain and central nervous system, leading to altered cognitive and physiological processes such as euphoria, relaxation, heightened senses, increased appetite, and altered perception of time. However, THC can also cause some undesirable side effects, including temporary paranoia, dizziness, and impaired memory or coordination.
In contrast, CBD doesn’t typically produce mind-altering effects. It supports balance throughout the body. When using CBD, you may feel more clear-headed and focused.
Can CBD and THC Work Together?
When it comes to cannabis compounds, the sum of the whole is greater than its parts. THC and CBD can work synergistically to provide a range of potential benefits to users. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "entourage effect."
The entourage effect suggests that these compounds, when consumed together, can enhance each other's positive attributes while potentially mitigating some of their potential drawbacks.
When THC and CBD are taken together, CBD has been known to potentially temper the intensity of some of THC's effects, making the experience more calming for some users.
In addition to modulating the effects of THC, CBD can also contribute to the overall efficacy of cannabis effects by interacting with various receptors in the body. These interactions may lead to enhanced outcomes for individuals seeking a calm mind and body.
By working in harmony, THC and CBD can create a more balanced experience for users, unlocking the full potential of the cannabis plant. That’s why CBD and THC gummies have become so popular with cannabis enthusiasts and those who are looking to try cannabis products for the first time.
CBD vs. THC: Final Thoughts
While CBD and THC are both cannabinoids found in cannabis plants, they both possess distinct molecular structures that result in different effects on the human body. The primary difference between these compounds lies in their interaction with the endocannabinoid system: THC binds to CB1 receptors, producing psychoactive effects while CBD interacts more with CB2 receptors, offering non-intoxicating and potential wellness benefits.
Additionally, hemp plants (often referred to as "CBD plants") are characterized by high CBD and low THC concentrations, whereas marijuana plants (or "THC plants") contain elevated levels of THC and varying amounts of CBD. Overall, understanding the differences between CBD and THC, as well as their individual interactions with the body, can help individuals make informed decisions about cannabis use for various wellness goals.
Hannah Smith is Joy Organics Director of Communications. She is driven by her passion for providing clear and accessible wellness and CBD education. In 2015, she received her BA in Media, Culture and the Arts from The King’s College in New York City and before Joy Organics, worked as writer and photographer in the Middle East and North Africa. Her work has been featured on Forbes, Vice, Vox, Denver Post, and the Coloradoan.
